História e Verdade(s), vol. 23

FERNANDO GIL
Ways of truth (an interview conducted by Rui Cunha Martins).

The starting point was a previously delimited frame of survey: one thematic coordinate (the truth); three lines of research (ways of proof; ways of intelligibility; ways of temporality); and several concepts, which can be inscribed in any of these lines (mainly the following concepts: evidence, conviction, belief, proof, duration). The result is an interview that may be unfolded into four moments thus designated: constraining the evidence (I); regulation of the proof (II); conviction of the "true" (III); presupposing the continuity (IV).

JOSÉ A. BRAGANÇA DE MIRANDA
From the experience of spectres to the spectralization of experience.

This article attempts to inquire about the reasons for the return of the "spectral" or "phantasmagorical" category. More than saying that this is a spectral time, that experience has been spectralized, or that, after all, rationalism had an enigmatic and unexpected effect in its will to "control" the spectral, we should rather inquire about the way this image has been essential to perceive experience in its totality as well as the strategy it implies. With a warning: if the "spectral" returns as a problem, it is because something has been deeply changed in the way the power freed by technique is managed today; it is because a generalized disturbance has occurred in the way metaphysical fragmentations charged with the "opening" of existence (which are no longer ours) were stabilized in the previous century.

RUTH M. CHITTÓ GAUER
Knowledge and acceleration (myth, truth and time).

The article proposes a reflexive exercise concerning the subjects linked to the myth, the truth and the time. The solid vocation of the modern paradigm established the association between "reality" and truth. We propose a deviation from that paradigm with the abandonment of the truth will. Thus, from that relationship it's possible to open a space for perspective displacements, making visible the current mutation at the level of the place of the experience, which happens out of the extensive time of the history. The acceleration destructs the truth conditions and creates a perspective hallucination that destroys the whole extension of the chronology.

JEFFREY ANDREW BARASH
Self-knowledge: behind phenomenology.

Phenomenology as Husserl conceived of it attempted to found the coherence of personal identity on the pure structural cohesion of individual temporal experience. This article calls for an overcoming of the phenomenological perspective in the belief that pure individual time-consciousness can never account for the meaningful constitution of the world, since individual time-consciousness is everywhere interwoven with a socially-instituted temporal awareness which cannot be derived from the pure structures of individual temporal experience. For this reason, Husserl's insights into internal time-consciousness need to be reconsidered in light of a socially-instituted historical dimension of collective temporal awareness.

YVES CHARLES ZARKA
Formation of the historical conscience.

A study on the formation process of the historical conscience within the frame of modernity. It is defended that this formation simultaneously activated two different but correlative levels - historiography and historicity. It also attempts to clarify the role performed in this process by certain thinkers from Bodin to Vico. These are thinkers whose reflection was placed on this nuclear point of confluence between historiography and historicity, between history as knowledge and history as reality.

FERNANDO CATROGA
Paths of the end of History.

In this study, a concise account of the conceptions about the end of History in the western thought is attempted. Its aim is to show that with modernity History became not only a being but also an equation in terms of immanent totality, irreversibility and dialectic rationality. These are innovative premises explaining History as a process with an intrinsic finality that necessarily points to its end.

FRANCISCO AZEVEDO MENDES
Radical passivity, truth, and mediation of crisis in today's historical knowledge.

This article seeks to explain the underlying processes and feelings of current crisis of history. It is argued that the investigation of its nature creates an unexpected area of interests between historical knowledge and phenomenology of passivity.

ANTÓNIO J. DA SILVA PEREIRA
Intelligibility and historical legitimation.

The conceptual task of legitimising history, the definition of its ethical and deontological basis, the profound performance in the critical re-establishment of human phenomena, lead us to the recognition of how history is a superior theoretical instrument in obtaining an balanced and independent characterisation of the existential.

GÉRARD CHOUQUER, MARIA DA CONCEIÇÃO LOPES
The "deliberation" of facts and "truth" in the history of landscape forms.

Any serious work about space in ancient societies confronts inevitably approches based on a plurality of antithetical categories, the most obvious of which is the common separation between culture and nature. As a rule those approches do not consider the fact societies produce mainly hybrides and therefore they do not recognize morphological objects which are basically hybrides as facts.
In order to release the space from virtual and mathematized domains, the history and the knowledge of space forms need to be aware of levels of intelligibility, which require considerable deliberation among researches.

JOÃO ARRISCADO NUNES
Risk, uncertainty and regimes of truth: tumoural pathology and cancer biology.

The definition of truth regimes in different knowledge domains is inextricably linked to the contexts in which a given kind of knowledge, its reliability and its robustness are put to the test and is actual or expected effects and consequences are assessed under conditions of uncertainty. Tumour pathology and translational research in cancer biology are examined as a particularly fertile empirical ground for an "epistopical" questioning of the constitution and workings of a truth regime.

CARLOTA BOTO
History, truth and virtue in Rousseau: political pact and pedagogical ethic.

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the political and pedagogical thinking of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in order to look for possible connections between the idea of virtue, the idea of truth and the category of temporality in his line of discourse. Trying to read Emile in the light of the analysis of the author's social and political work - specifically the Discourse on the sciences and the arts, and The Social Contract - we try to verify whether the pedagogical treatise proves the thesis implicit in Rousseauistic thought, according to which the path of the life of each individual reproduces the stages of the advance of the species, from the natural state to the civil state. Furthermore, the hypothesis that we defend herein is that, in the same way as the first acceptation of the natural state is not meant to be based on factual and historical truth (although it is intended that it attain a given philosophical truth), Emile also was not intended to be regarded as a real child; therefore, the necessary correspondence between the exposition of the several stages in his life and the specificities of the concrete historical child does not exist. Emile would be, reather, an allegory, inducing meditation on education, in the same way as the idea of a pacto points toward an effective operative construction for reflecting on civil society. In both cases, Rousseau conceptually creates an analytical, hypothetical-deductive operation, based on which he develops his unique concept of man, virtue, society and education. This methodological operation forcibly dialogues with a fairly unique way of thinking about the idea of history and the idea of truth.

LUÍS QUINTAIS
The theatre of destruction and truth and Portuguese psychiatry at the turn to the nineteenth century.

Supporting his argument on the idea of "finitude" as spectacle (Foucault) and "shipwreck" (Blumenberg), the author proposes to show the theatrical configuration of the clinic and forensic psychiatry in the transition of the Portuguese nineteenth century.
This is done with particular reference to the writings of the psychiatrist Júlio de Matos.
It will be stated that this theatrical configuration was grounded on a tension between the detaching or aesthetical goals of the clinic and the empathically or ethical implications of its practice. Implications, which are obvious when we face the forensic translation of those practices emerging then in the Portuguese context.

ANTÓNIO GUERREIRO
History as memory. Aby Warburg's survival.

There is an increasing interest in Aby Warburg (1866-1929) today, which surpasses the narrow field his name is usually associated to: art historiography. By presenting the fundamental concepts he used to conceive a unitarian "science of culture", this article's first aim is to show the way a theory of history related to a complex theory of social memory can be deduced from his research.

LUÍS REIS TORGAL
Two "truth". Salazar and Afonso Costa.

The "Truth" is a fundamental ideological concept in Salazarism, as well as the concept of "opposition". Therefore, the first clandestine newspaper of what has been called the "reviralho" ("opposition") was named The Truth (1933-1934). The periodical directed by Costa Brochado after 1934, entrusted by the Propaganda organs of the New State, was also called The Truth. Since the beginning of his rule, Salazar attempted to raise the "truths" and "certainties" of the regime he had formed, and Afonso da Costa attempted to show that those truths were no more than falsities in an interview to a Brazilian journalist in Paris. This way a dialogue was fought between "situation" and "opposition". Salazar was sober in his words (as his tone usually was) but the same was not true about the Salazarists who also tried to point out the falsities in Afonso Costa's "truths".
This article is, therefore, an analysis of the speeches on the "Truth" or the "truths" of the two opposing sectors, symbolized by these two essential figures of the New State (a winner in the political-institutional context of the time) and the First Republic (which fell in 1926), i.e., Salazar and Afonso Costa. In this situation, and since the New State was a clearly assumed authoritarian regime with a "single party", i.e., a "single truth", it is obvious that "Salazar's Truth" was the one to be imposed on the Portuguese territory. And he did it for about 40 years.

VARIA

ALBERTO VILAÇA
The clandestine republican newspaper "The Truth".

From July 1933 to February 1934, eleven issues of A Verdade (The Truth), a republican newspaper which opposed Salazar's dictatorship, were published clandestinely. Intensely anti-salazarist and anti-clerical, A Verdade made special appeals to the Army and the Navy. In addition, the paper contained news articles and editorials criticizing Salazar's economic, financial and colonial policies; it also reported on the violence and repression carried out by Salazar's government, with special attention to prisons and torture..
The number of copies published reached several thousand and A Verdade was widely distributed throughout the country. Issue number 9 of A Verdade, published as an international edition, was mainly devoted to the "martyrology" of the Portuguese people. This issue included illustrations of torture practices carried out by the political police.
Issues one through five were published at a print shop in Coimbra. The leading activists involved in the publication of the newspaper were Armando Cortesão (the first and former director of Agência Geral das Colónias [General Agency for the Colonies]) and Cândido Nazaré (director of the University Press print shop, which a few months later was to be shutdown by government). When the issue number five of A Verdade was being printed, the print shop was assaulted by the "salazaresca" police which arrested several individuals involved in the publication of the newspaper. Armando Cortesão was able to escape to Madrid, where the paper restarted publication with issues being sent back to Portugal for distribution. Cortesão's adventurous escape included the crossing of a dam, in one of the Douro river's subsidiaries, near Barca de Alva. During the final phase of his escape, he was greatly assited by Jose da Silva Elvas, a free mason and former priest.
Most of those arrested during the assault on the print shop were deported along with numerous other political prisoners, a total of 143 people, to the fort of São João Baptista, in Azores. The prisoners were ferried, in several trips, from the shore of Peniche to the transport ship; while being ferried to the large ship, the prisoners were heard shouting "Long Live the Republic".
Several of those involved in the A Verdade case were sentenced to long jail terms. Almost all the printing material from Coimbra and the vehicles used by Cortesão to flee, amounting on total to a considerable sum, were confiscated by the fascist state. Various means of action and fighting against the fascist state. Various means of action and fighting against the fascist regime were used. Among these means the case of A Verdade was significant, and fourty years later the Portuguese people freed themselves from the repressive regime.

MARIA DE FÁTIMA MOURA FERREIRA
The art of conserving. Sceneries of the reconfiguration of campuses as an institutional reinforcement of academic order (1834-1911).

The aim of the study is the analyse of politic and academic discourses and representations on the reconfiguration of high school institutions, across the XIX century and the implantation of the Republic. From the fights between the educational institutions, in the context of larger power relations (e.g. the affirmation of a new ideal of science and university), the limits of the change is revealed. It translates itself into the enlargement of the university space along whith the strengthening of the academic order.

MARÇAL MENEZES PAREDES
Brazilian nationality and the modern project: between the incorporation of difference and the introjections of guilt.

This work talks about a perplexity manifested for the modernity project - witch means a process founded in a faith on power of the reason to emancipate peoples and in a progress of the science - just in a moment of his adaptation in Brazil. For that, we intend to identificate this phenomenon to focus on, particularity, the case of Euclides da Cunha, writer of Os Sertões, as an expression of the whole intellectual complexity, resulting from the challenge that the Brazilian case means to modern project. Beyond that, we consider his perspective, because of his tensional way to organize the knowledge of rustic Brazilian, as an author of a nuclear speech in a search of a Brazilian national identity.
What we intent to perceive is, exactly, the critical knot formed when the toes of a discursive tissue face with a difference. That means to get clear how the questioning of collective identity is manipulates by the lights of modern theoric manantial that demands to him cohesion and univocity. After that, it's important to reflect about the complex relationship between identity and temporality, once identity is (for search perenity in the aspects sayed "essential" of a people) glued to the idea of a mythical temporality. In this hand, at the expense of the idea of preservation of the "essence" of a Self-collective in through the time, we try to dislocate the questioning of national identity, through the aesthetic experience present in a euclidian masterpiece.

MARIA DAS GRAÇAS ATAÍDE DE ALMEIDA
Rechristianization of politics: pacts and intrigues between the Church and the State in Brazil (1937-1945).

This work aims at analysing the relationships between the Catholic church and the State in Brazil during the 30s of the twentieth century. We have worked on trying to show how the pacts and the schemes that bonded the alliance between the Church and de State by that time. The Church was ready to contribute with a project on religious indoctrination where the ecclesiastical laws of obedience, loyalty and order would sympathize with those nationalistic authoritarian projects of the New State in the country. Thus a pact was made and an alliance between the spiritual and the temporal powers assured the Church a position in the political staff. In return the State would count on a doctrinal discourse and a practice, which the Church would work on the collective leading the population to a state of aversion what was known as the "exotic ideologies", and to obeying a being loyal to the new political order.