SAUL ANTÓNIO GOMES
Three private libraries in fourteenth-century Coimbra. Some notes about elites an urban cultures in the Middle Ages.

In this paper, the Author discusses the cultural behaviours of the elites in medieval towns, with Coimbra as a relevant example in 14th century Portugal. This study looks at three medieval records from private libraries, which testify to reading habits, literacy levels, book ownership and manuscript artisans among Coimbra's inhabitants of the time.

IRIS KANTOR
Academia Brasílica dos Renascidos and the political government of the Portuguese americas (1759). Some remarks about the contradictions in Portuguese-American academic cosmopolitism.

The foundation of the Learned Society (Academia Brasílica dos Renascidos) in Salvador (Bahia-1759), during the critical period of the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Portuguese Empire, aroused contradictions, which characterize the specificity of Portuguese-American colonial society. The Academia Brasílica formed a network of members and correspondents all over Portuguese America, which included members of the major Learned Societies in Portugal and Spain. This paper discusses the historiographic project conceived by the Portuguese-American savants in order to explain the Academia Brasílica dos Renascidos's failure in the secularisation process of the Portuguese Empire.

CARLOTA BOTO
The Portuguese Elementary School Teacher as an intellectual: "I teach, therefore I am"

The present paper is an historical reflection on the intellectual dimension of the elementary school teacher's job. As a mind, soul and heart-shaping agent, he deals directly with the transmission - and possibly the production - of values, knowledge and prescribed behavioural rules. The elementary teacher educates the individual for civic and patriotic duties. Thus, in the structuring of the modern school model, the teacher plays the role of a privileged agent in forging worldviews, which are translated into consensuses for the common man. Therefore, the text here presented addresses some depictions of the social place occupied by the Portuguese elementary school teacher, basically in the period that encompasses the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth century (immediately before the Proclamation of the Republic in Portugal). We have tried to weave some theoretic and conceptual considerations on the specific meaning of the word intellectual ; the documentation collected raises controversies and ambiguities concerning this professional, who was responsible for teaching children the rules of reading, writing and arithmetic, and of best behaviour. The conclusion is that the elementary school teacher is, therefore, the vehicle for intellectual propagation of the civilizing values of the West.

MARIA HELENA SANTANA
The Temple and the World. The symbolic role of Poetry in the 19th century.

This paper introduces a critical approach to the symbolic place of the man of letters, more precisely of the literary creator, in a century which made him the interpreter of modernity. This issue leads us to the social function of poetry as it manifests itself both in the literary domain as well as in the other domains of knowledge and power. We shall discuss its two different moments in time through the words of Portuguese writers and critics: the historical age of the first Portuguese Romanticism, a period favourable to the poet, who is provided with the opportunity to define his area of influence; and the Positivist era during which the poet's status is high but, at the same time, socially marginal. Summing up, we shall attempt to observe how literature, as the spiritual guide of society, was confronted euphorically and melancholically with the limits of its autonomy.

MIGUEL ANTÓNIO DIAS SANTOS
Luís de Magalhães, Oliveira Martins and the "New Life".

Luís de Magalhães was a committed intellectual, who turned to politics when he became a member of the reformist movement initiated by Oliveira Martins and the "New Life" (Vida Nova). Luís de Magalhães was a friend of the historian and of some of the most remarkable intellectuals of his time, namely Antero de Quental and Eça de Queirós. His political projection occurs linked to the political culture, which this elite developed towards the end of the 19th century, and from which he stood out by reasserting the nationalist values, patriotism, messionism and the sublimation of ethics in performing politics.

FÁTIMA MOURA FERREIRA
Between knowledge: the core place of legal knowledge in the consolidation of the liberal order.

With the appraisal of knowledge in the context of the liberal ideal as our starting point, we sketch the modernisation of academic legal knowledge, based on the foundation and assertion of political economy and on the developments of the philosophy of law during the 40s and 70s of the nineteenth century.

MARIA RITA LINO GARNEL
The intellectual power of physicians (late 19th century - early 20th century).

The aim of this paper is to understand some of the ideas and strategies used by physicians (as a social and professional class) to reinstate their power in the 19th century. This can be measured in their ability to convince other local powers and other areas of knowledge, and also the growing public opinion, of the importance of Medicine; it can also be measured in the ability to induce change in everyday practices, in the use of the body and generally in the way behaviours were transformed. Medical ideas, benefiting from science's general prestige, did not stop at the treatment of the individual body; their aim was to regenerate the whole of society.

LIA SÁ PAULO RIBEIRO
The intellectual's role in the republican cultural popularization.

Being republicanism essentially an ideology, it depends on the catechizing of public opinion. In order to convert people to the new democratic ideal, the republican propagandistic activity was sustained by the action of intellectuals (teachers, writers, journalists and poets). The universe of cultural popularization, developed in various fronts, allows us to gauge the proof of the mobilizing involvement led by the democratic intellectual vanguard.
The republican cultural activity focused on a public belonging to different social classes, but virtuously assembled in a unified project. This unification was produced by the utterance of the structural issues relating to education, religion and work, intimately dependent on the regime problem.

PAULO ARCHER
Three theses on Ucronia and Forest. On Portuguese Integralism (Integralismo Lusitano)

The typical intellectual movement of the early century (a concept which we seek to specify), Portuguese Integralism (Integralismo Lusitano) (1914-38), which initially received influence from symbolism, right-wing positivism and late century anarchy (acratismo fissecular), associated with the influence of traditionalist thought and the Action Française of Maurras, suggested a political and cultural combat, defining the anti-progressive and reactionary field, of which the fundaments remained, in Portugal, in the "right-wing culture", anti-democratic and authoritarian for over half a century.
This paper aims to explain the most meaningful segments of anti-utopian thought of integral reactionism (reaccionarismo integral) , on the crossing between Modernity and anti-modernity, where Portuguese society itself was to be found.

LUÍS AUGUSTO COSTA DIAS
"The historical mission" and the "role of intellectuals" in the philosophy of culture of Bento de Jesus Caraça.

Somewhere between the left-wing intellectuals in the early twentieth century and the ideal of the "harvester", an intellectual-apostle, theoretical and speculative, which was the response to the republican "city crisis", the philosophy of culture of Bento Caraça created a new and decisive cut with the 20th-century romantic-liberal paradigm, and separated intellectual work, the social function of intellectuals , from what he called the intellectuals' role within the radical framework of an emancipating "historical mission": the intellectuals were, at all times, responsible for performing a rather specialised job in knowledge for the progress of civilisation. Due to their social function, they should organise and apply such knowledge in the dissemination of culture; the "role of intellectuals", in the moment of crisis and change which marked the thirties, was to stick to the general tone of history and of the times to come.

ANTÓNIO PEDRO PITA
Crisis and the encyclopaedic project.

The paper discusses the manner in which the awareness of historical crisis, as it is conceptualised by Bento Caraça, an example of intervention marked by historical materialism, implies a globalising solution, which Caraça translates as the encyclopaedic project.
The intellectual's task includes selecting ideas of the present, assessing their future effectiveness and systematising them into another body.

ZÍLIA OSÓRIO DE CASTRO
The intellectuals and feminism.

The emergence of intellectuals' participation with civil aims in the Portuguese cultural scope was guided in the thirties by publications such as Pensamento , O Sol Nascente and O Diabo . They were united by the involvement in the construction of a "new society" by disseminating alternative ideas and values. One of these was the genesis of the "new woman", by acknowledging her civil and cultural virtues and rights. Hence, they became heralds of an "intellectual feminism", of which this paper aims to highlight the lines, ambivalences and particularities.

MARIA JOÃO CANTINHO
Hermann Broch: the reluctant poet.

Driven by the most absolute coherence between life, art and action, the life of Hermann Broch, the writer, the poet, the politician, the essayist, the entrepreneur, was designed like one constant tension between the many categories of knowledge he reflected about. This essay attempts to trace the outlines of his complex and difficult life, of his relations with power and his analysis of values, to contextualise his work and, above all, to understand the links between his life and work, specially focusing on his masterpieces, Die Schlafwandler and Der Tod des Virgil .

GEORGES CONTOGEORGIS
The new internatonal order. Samuel Huntington and the clash of the civilisations. «Religious civilisation» or cosmosystem?

Samuel Huntington's "The clash of civilisations" is apparently founded on convincing empirical and conceptual equipment. However, due to the historical sources observed, the partiality of the arguments evoked and the avoiding of all that contradicts the «officially defended» thesis, this book is clearly a product of contemporary North American ideology. Our paper aims at introducing the book and, above all, at criticising its fundaments based on another historic and philosophical reflection. Its author thus proposes a new reading of the nature of the modern world and of the historical precedents founded on the concept of cosmosystem.

PEDRO A. PIEDRAS MONROY
Philosophy of the History and Sociology of Religion. Max Weber's viewpoints on Universal History.

When reading the works of Max Weber we soon realise their connecting points with the secular works of the Philosophy of History and, in particular, with the essays on Universal History. Yet the observations regarding this do not seem conclusive. Whilst some authors see in the Weberian Theory the denial of the Universal History, others perceive in it the acceptance of the searches and of its legacy. This essay seeks to partake in this debate and it defends that Weber's works on the Sociology of Religion are this author's response to the Philosophy of History, particularly that of the 19th century.
In the last of his texts, the introduction (Vorbemerkung) to Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie (Complete essays on the Sociology of Region) , the author indicates that the essays aim to trace the sequence of circumstances, which lead to such a peculiar development as the western one, in contrast with the other cultural developments outside the western culture. However, unlike the reports of Universal History, in which the West became the essential end of humanity or of the human spirit, in the Weberian Sociology of Religion a decentralisation occurs, placing the West and the western world on a plane of global world dominion as a more efficient rationalisation scope than the others, yet by no means "essential", nor "better", and least of all "superior". To come to such conclusions, our paper traces a diachronic revision of the premises of Universal History and compares them to the Weberian theses.

MARIA MANUELA TAVARES RIBEIRO
The Catholic Church's view and the European Constitution in the Contemporary Age.

The post-second World War events, which occurred in Europe, lead the Roman Popes, from Pius XII to John Paul II, to taking a stand in the context of the European and the World reorganisation.
Hence, we analyse, on the one hand, the development in the Vatican's discourse and geopolitical dynamics and, on the other, the performance of the Episcopal bodies, they too concerned with the European reconstruction process.